EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS THAT GENERATE BACTERIAL RESISTANCE IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36436/24223484.236Keywords:
bacteria, Resistencia, antibioticos, produccion ganadera.Abstract
From a strictly Darwinian evolution reference the result of continuous adaptation of an organism to changing a different environments. Any modification of gene structure of an individual assumes the ability to adapt to new environments. The irrational use of antibiotics in livestock production, self-medication and lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of bacterial resistance have led to a marked decline of therapeutic options in health services and problems associated with food security. Multidrug resistance is a challenge to the various treatments leaving little chance to successfully tackle infections. Transfer of resistance genes is performed horizontally across several genetic elements within the best known are, plasmids, transposons, bacteriophage DNA and more recently, gene cassettes and integrons. The transfer of these elements can occur between different bacteria by conjugation, transformation or transduction. This transfer allows the transmission to other generations and also other bacterial species, thus bacteria can acquire resistance to one or more drugs without being in contact with these. The mechanisms used by bacteria to defend against antibiotics are constantly evolving. Resistance to antibiotics is due to genetic and structural processes of microorganisms through which mechanisms have been developed as efflux pumps, altered site of action, enzymatic modification of the antibiotic by beta-lactamases, Carbapenemases and other modifying enzymes, changes in membrane permeability closing mainly porins.Downloads
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